How to Choose a Repair Mortar for Concrete: Based on the Type of Repair, Layer Thickness, and Application Method
Choosing a repair mortar for concrete doesn’t start with comparing strengths or looking for a one-size-fits-all product. First, you need to know what needs to be repaired, how deep the damage is, whether the surface is horizontal or vertical, how the material will be applied, and what kind of environment the repaired structure will be exposed to.
Local repairs to a suspended ceiling require a different consistency than more extensive floor repairs, which in turn differ from the restoration of larger volumes of concrete in formwork. A separate category consists of fine finishing compounds for surface finishing, fast-setting mortars for short operational downtime, and materials designed for machine spraying.
Furthermore, the terms “thixotropic,” “reprofiling,” “fine,” and “fast-setting” are not interchangeable categories. Each describes a different property of the material: thixotropic mortar does not run and is particularly suitable for vertical surfaces and suspended ceilings; reprofiling mortar restores the missing shape and cross-section of a structure, fine-finish mortar is primarily used for filling and finishing surfaces, and fast-setting mortar reduces repair time and subsequent downtime. A specific product must therefore meet the entire set of requirements, not just one word in its name.
Quick Answer: Repair mortar for concrete is selected based on the purpose of the repair, the orientation of the surface, the thickness of the applied layer, the required structural performance, the application method, the operational load, and the structure’s environment. Thixotropic (non-sagging) mortars are generally used on vertical surfaces and suspended ceilings. For horizontal surfaces, fluid, poured, or self-leveling materials are suitable. Fine-textured screeds are used to seal pores and provide a finishing coat, not as a substitute for deeper reprofiling repairs. Rapid-setting mixtures are appropriate where it is necessary to resume operation as quickly as possible.
What is concrete repair mortar?
Repair mortar is a specially formulated material designed for repairing concrete and reinforced concrete structures. Its purpose may include filling in missing sections of concrete, restoring the structure’s original shape, restoring the concrete cover over the reinforcement, repairing edges, corners, voids, and potholes; re-profiling the structure over a large area; leveling and finishing the surface; repairing concrete floors; or creating a new layer with a specific technical function.
Repair mortar is not the same as standard masonry or cement mortar. Products intended for concrete repairs must meet requirements related, for example, to adhesion to the substrate, strength, volume changes, environmental resistance, and compatibility with the original structure. For repair and reprofiling mortars, the ČSN EN 1504 series of standards is particularly relevant, specifically Part ČSN EN 1504-3, which addresses repairs with and without a structural function.
Repair mortar, fine-textured skim coat, microconcrete, or grout?
At first glance, these materials may seem similar, but they serve different purposes.
| Type of material | Main Features | Typical Uses |
|---|---|---|
| Restoration or repair mortar | Repairing Damaged Concrete | Local and Area Repairs |
| Re-profiling mortar | Restoration of the Structure’s Shape and Cross-Section | Peeling finish, edges, walls, and suspended ceilings |
| Fine trowel | Filling and Leveling the Surface | Pores, minor imperfections, and finishing touches |
| Fine-grained concrete or microconcrete | Replacement of a Larger Volume of Structural Concrete | More extensive repairs, formwork, and larger volumes |
| Self-leveling compound | Comprehensive Renovation of Horizontal Structures | Floors, Bridge Layers, and Leveling Layers |
| Grout | Filling Cavities or Installing Components | Anchoring, machine frames, bearings, and penetrations |
The most common mistake is using a fine trowel when several centimeters of damaged concrete need to be repaired. A trowel can level the surface, but it cannot automatically replace repair or reprofiling mortar.
How to Choose a Repair Mortar for Concrete
To make the right choice, it is necessary to evaluate several criteria at the same time. If the decision is based on only one property—such as compressive strength or setting time—the material may be unsuitable for a specific structure.
1. Purpose and Scope of the Repair
First, it is necessary to determine what function the material is intended to serve after application. This could involve a minor localized patch, restoring a chipped edge, replenishing the reinforcement cover layer, deeper reprofiling, a large-scale repair of a wall or ceiling, floor repair, restoration of a larger section of the structure, or simply fine filling and finishing. Mortar suitable for a minor patch may not be optimal for a full-surface repair of a bridge pier. Similarly, a material intended to level a few millimeters is not designed to replace tens of millimeters of fallen concrete.
2. Orientation of the area being repaired
Horizontal surfaces. Liquid, poured, or self-leveling mixtures can be used on floors, slabs, or other horizontal surfaces. The material is easier to spread and compact. According to its technical data sheet, MONOCRETE PPE is primarily intended for repairs of concrete and reinforced concrete horizontal surfaces and floors.
Vertical surfaces and suspended ceilings. Once applied, the material must adhere to walls, columns, structural faces, or suspended ceilings without running or sliding down. Therefore, thixotropic (non-sagging) mortars are used. MONOCRETE PPE TH is designed primarily for repairs to vertical surfaces and suspended ceilings and can be applied by hand or by spraying.
3. Thickness of the layer being repaired
Each repair mortar has a specified minimum and maximum thickness that can be safely applied in a single pass. A layer that is too thin may not function properly, while one that is too thick can lead to slumping, insufficient compaction, uneven curing, cracks, or poor adhesion. Coating thickness is also related to the maximum grain size. The current technical data sheets for MONOCRETE PPE and MONOCRETE PPE TH specify the following ranges:
| Option | Maximum grain size | Thickness of a single layer |
|---|---|---|
| Soft “f” | 1 mm | 5–12 mm |
| The middle “r” | 4 mm | 10–25 mm |
| Uppercase “C” | 8 mm | 20–40 mm |
Important: The thicknesses listed apply to specific variants of MONOCRETE PPE and MONOCRETE PPE TH. The ranges may differ for other products. Always refer to the current technical data sheet for the specific product.
4. Method of Application
Repair materials can be applied by hand, by laying, by pouring into formwork, by wet or dry spraying, or by self-leveling application. Manual application is particularly suitable for smaller, localized repairs. For larger vertical structures, bridge abutments, tunnel vaults, or large suspended ceilings, machine spraying may be more effective. BETOSAN offers, for example, UNISAN M CRETE for wet spraying, UNISAN S CRETE for dry spraying, and MONOMIX WSC TH for full-surface repairs of vertical surfaces and suspended ceilings using wet spraying technology.
5. Static or Non-Static Correction Function
For some repairs, the primary goal is to restore the surface and protect the structure. In other cases, the new layer is intended to interact with the structure and transfer loads. ČSN EN 1504-3 covers products for repairs with and without a structural function. Therefore, the selection of a material class should not be based solely on which mortar achieves the highest compressive strength. Other factors that may influence the decision include the modulus of elasticity, adhesion, resistance to carbonation, thermal compatibility, capillary water absorption, volume changes, and compatibility with the existing concrete.
6. Environment and Structural Loads
The mortar must be suitable for the environment in which the structure will operate after repair. In particular, it is necessary to take into account water and persistent moisture, freezing and thawing cycles, chlorides and de-icing salts, chemicals, mechanical and impact loads, abrasion, water pressure, requirements for contact with drinking water or food, and whether the structure will be used outdoors or indoors. For horizontal surfaces exposed to increased mechanical stress, the BETOSAN product line offers MONOCRETE ARG. For vertical surfaces and suspended ceilings subjected to similar loads, its thixotropic variant, MONOCRETE ARG TH, is recommended.
7. Desired repair speed
Under normal conditions, it is not always advantageous to use the fastest-setting material. Fast-setting mortars have a shorter workable time and require precise work planning. They are particularly useful for road and ramp repairs, projects with short downtime, local emergency repairs, and areas that need to be reloaded quickly. MONOCRETE rapid is designed for quick local and large-area repairs of concrete floors and other structures. According to the technical data sheet, at 20 °C it has a workability time of approximately 10 to 15 minutes; after 6 hours, the repaired area can be subjected to light traffic, and after 24 hours, to full load.
What do the terms “thixotropic,” “reprofiling,” “fine,” and “fast-setting” mortar mean?
Each designation describes different properties. A single product can be both reprofilable, thixotropic, and fast-setting, and intended for a specific repair class.
| Label | What does it mean? | Typical Uses |
|---|---|---|
| Thixotropic | Non-runny consistency | Walls, columns, sloped surfaces, and suspended ceilings |
| Reprofilation | Restores the missing shape and cross-section | Peeling topcoat and more extensive localized repairs |
| Gentle | Finer grain and a thin layer | Pores, minor imperfections, and finishing touches |
| Quick-setting | Short setting time and rapid strength development | Short-Term Outages and Emergency Repairs |
| Melted | It spreads well on a horizontal surface | Floors and Horizontal Structures |
| Self-leveling | It spreads out and levels itself | Larger horizontal surfaces |
| For spraying | Formulated for machine application | Extensive walls, bridges, suspended ceilings, and tunnels |
When to Use Thixotropic Repair Mortar
Thixotropic mortar is suitable for applications where the material must not run or slide down after application. Typical examples include vertical walls, columns, beam ends, suspended ceilings, the undersides of balcony slabs, bridge abutments, tunnel vaults, and sloped structures. Thixotropic properties alone do not indicate the thickness, load, or environment for which the material is intended. It is still necessary to verify the grain size, grade, maximum layer thickness, application method, and subsequent layers.
Examples of BETOSAN thixotropic materials include MONOCRETE PPE TH, MONOCRETE ARG TH, and UNISAN TH CRETE. UNISAN TH CRETE meets the requirements of Class R4, contains corrosion inhibitors, and is designed for repairing vertical surfaces and suspended ceilings by hand or by spraying.
When to Use Mortar for Horizontal Surfaces
On horizontal structures, materials with better flow or a more fluid consistency can be used. They are used, for example, on concrete floors, bridge decks, ramps, handling areas, horizontal sections of industrial structures, or for filling gaps in formwork. MONOCRETE PPE is a basic repair mortar for horizontal concrete and reinforced concrete surfaces. MONOCRETE ARG is designed for horizontal surfaces exposed to increased mechanical stress. For larger areas, a self-leveling reprofiling compound may be appropriate. MONOMIX SCC meets Class R4 requirements and is intended for large-scale repairs of horizontal structures and for load-bearing or leveling layers, such as on bridges and industrial floors.
When to Use a Fine Trowel on Concrete
This fine-textured filler is primarily used to fill pores and small cavities, level the repaired surface, remove minor irregularities, prepare the substrate for a protective coating, and provide a final finish after a reprofiling repair. It is not intended to replace deeper missing layers of concrete unless the technical data sheet for the specific product permits such use. DENSOFIX is a fine-textured filler for repairing and filling concrete and reinforced concrete surfaces; the technical data sheet specifies application in a single layer of approximately 2 to 4 mm.
When Should You Use Quick-Setting Mortar?
Fast-setting mortar is chosen when the speed of the repair is a critical operational requirement. It is suitable, for example, for production facilities with limited downtime, traffic areas, ramps, roadways, or emergency spot repairs. A disadvantage is its short workability time. Therefore, it is not possible to mix a large amount of material first and then prepare the substrate or formwork. A fast-setting system is not automatically of higher quality than standard repair mortar; it is simply adapted to a different construction schedule.
What do the R3 and R4 classes mean according to ČSN EN 1504-3?
The technical data sheets for restoration mortars often list classes R3 or R4. These represent a set of requirements in accordance with ČSN EN 1504-3, not just a single strength value. The following table lists selected basic requirements supported by the official standard documentation and current BETOSAN product technical data sheets:
| Selected parameter | Class R3 | Class R4 |
|---|---|---|
| Compressive Strength | ≥ 25 MPa | ≥ 45 MPa |
| Adhesion to the Substrate | ≥ 1.5 MPa | ≥ 2.0 MPa |
| Modulus of elasticity | ≥ 15 GPa | ≥ 20 GPa |
The table does not include all requirements. Other factors are also evaluated, such as chloride ion content, resistance to carbonation, thermal compatibility, and capillary absorption, depending on the declared use.
Is R4 always better than R3?
No. A higher class implies different or more stringent requirements for certain properties, but does not in and of itself address surface orientation, layer thickness, setting speed, method of application, chemical resistance, water resistance, or compatibility with the original concrete. From a practical standpoint, therefore, it is not correct to automatically choose R4 simply because it has higher strength. The material must be suitable for the repair design and the properties of the original structure.
Decision Chart: Which Repair Mortar to Choose Based on the Situation
| Situation | Required property | Example of the BETOSAN Group / Material |
|---|---|---|
| Local Repair of a Horizontal Surface | Liquid Remediation Mortar | MONOCRETE PPE |
| A horizontal surface subjected to increased mechanical loads | Mechanically Resistant Fiber-Reinforced Mortar | MONOCRETE ARG |
| Repairing a wall or ceiling | Thixotropic, non-sagging mortar | MONOCRETE PPE TH |
| Vertical surface subject to increased mechanical stress | Thixotropic Fiber-Reinforced Mortar | MONOCRETE ARG TH |
| Vertical repair requiring R4 and corrosion inhibitors | Thixotropic R4 System | UNISAN TH CRETE |
| Extensive wet-spray repair | Mortar Suitable for Wet Spraying | UNISAN M CRETE or MONOMIX WSC TH |
| Extensive Dry-Spray Repair | Dry-spray mixture | UNISAN IN CRETE |
| Larger horizontal surface | Self-leveling reprofiling composition | MONOMIX SCC |
| Quick Repair of a Horizontal Surface | Fast-setting fluid mortar | MONOCRETE rapid |
| Quick Repair of a Vertical Surface or Ceiling | Fast-setting thixotropic mortar | MONOCRETE TH rapid |
| Light Sanding and Finishing | Fine trowel | DENSOFIX, DENSOFIX SF, or DENSOCRETE 555 |
| Protection of Reinforcement and Creation of a Bonding Layer | Corrosion Protection and Adhesion Bridge | DENSOCRETE 111 or UNISAN ADH 2K, depending on the system |
This table is intended as a general guide. The final selection must be based on the current technical data sheet, the condition of the substrate, and the requirements of the specific structure.
Why It’s Not Enough to Compare Compressive Strength Alone
Compressive strength is an important parameter, but on its own, it does not indicate whether a repair will be effective in the long term. When making a selection, it is also necessary to consider adhesion to the original concrete, the modulus of elasticity, shrinkage and volume stability, as well as resistance to temperature, freezing, and chemicals.
The repair layer must form a reliable bond with the substrate. If the original concrete is friable, contaminated, or improperly prepared, the high strength of the new mortar will not solve the problem. A material that is too rigid on a softer or more deformable substrate can lead to undesirable stress between the original and new layers. Volume changes can cause cracks, delamination at the edges of the repair, or reduced adhesion. Outdoor structures, bridges, ramps, or balconies are exposed to temperature changes and freeze-thaw cycles; transportation and industrial structures may additionally require resistance to chlorides, abrasion, or chemicals.
Restoration mortar is often just one part of the system
When repairing reinforced concrete, a single layer of mortar is rarely sufficient. A complete repair system may include: removal of loose concrete, cleaning and assessment of the reinforcement, corrosion protection for the reinforcement, an adhesion primer (if required by the selected system), a reshaping repair mortar, a fine finishing coat, a protective or anti-carbonation coating, and waterproofing or other secondary protection depending on the environment.
DENSOCRETE 111 is designed to protect reinforcement and to create an adhesive layer between the existing concrete and reprofiling materials, particularly the MONOCRETE PPE and PPE TH series. UNISAN ADH 2K combines the functions of corrosion protection and an adhesive bridge with the addition of corrosion inhibitors. However, the need for a specific intermediate layer always depends on the proposed system and the technical specifications of the products used.
How Important Is Surface Preparation?
Even the right mortar won’t work on a poorly prepared substrate. Before application, it is usually necessary to remove loose and damaged concrete, remove dust, oils, grease, and other contaminants; create an appropriate surface texture; clean corroded rebar; assess the residual cross-sectional area of the rebar; properly saturate the substrate according to the system; remove free water and a glossy water film; and, if necessary, apply a specified bonding agent. For example, the MONOCRETE PPE and MONOCRETE PPE TH technical data sheets require the removal of loose concrete, the cleaning of corroded reinforcement, and thorough wetting of the substrate. The substrate should be slightly damp, not covered by a continuous film of water.
Note: If the reinforcement is exposed, the structure is load-bearing, the damage is extensive, or a previous repair has failed again, it is not simply a matter of selecting the right bag of mortar. It is necessary to assess the cause, the condition of the substrate, the reinforcement, and the entire restoration system.
The Most Common Mistakes When Choosing Repair Mortar
Automatically select the material with the highest strength
Higher strength is not a universal indicator of suitability. It is necessary to consider compatibility with the existing concrete and the purpose of the repair.
Replace the fine trowel with reprofiling mortar
A fine trowel is suitable for millimeter-thick layers and finishing. Deeper defects require repair or reprofiling mortar.
Apply liquid mortar to the suspended ceiling
Material intended for horizontal installation may not maintain the required thickness on a vertical surface or a suspended ceiling.
Ignore the minimum and maximum thicknesses
Failure to adhere to the specified layer thickness may result in cracking, slumping, improper compaction, or poor bond.
Add more water to make it easier to work with
An excessive amount of mixing water can increase the risk of cracking and reduce mechanical properties.
Do not take the operational shutdown into account
A standard mixture may not be suitable for a repair that needs to be opened to traffic quickly. Conversely, a fast-setting material may be unnecessarily demanding in situations where speed is not a critical factor.
Working with mortar without protecting the structure
If the structure is exposed to water, carbonation, chlorides, or chemicals, a final protective coating may also be necessary.
Select a product without reviewing the technical data sheet
Materials with similar names may differ in consistency, application thickness, grade, and purpose.
When It’s No Longer Enough to Choose Mortar Based on a Chart
It is advisable to seek technical support or expert design advice, particularly when the reinforcement is exposed or severely corroded, the repair is intended to restore the structure’s load-bearing capacity, the structure is a bridge, tunnel, water tower, reservoir, or industrial facility, the structure is exposed to chlorides or aggressive chemicals, mechanical spraying is required, the repair involves a large area or significant thickness, contact with drinking water or food is required, a previous repair has failed, the cause of the failure is unknown, or multiple materials need to be combined into a single restoration system.
When it comes to the rehabilitation of concrete and reinforced concrete structures, there is no one-size-fits-all solution. The decisive factors are the actual condition of the structure, the type of loading it is subjected to, and the desired service life of the repair.
What Information Should You Prepare to Select the Right Material?
Before consulting on a technical solution, it is advisable to prepare photographs of the structure—both close-ups and overall views—along with a description of the structure type, the approximate age of the building, the extent and depth of the damage, the orientation of the areas to be repaired, information about any exposed or corroded reinforcing bars, information on leaks and moisture, the nature of the operational load, the required downtime, available design documentation, and details of previous repairs. This information will help determine more quickly whether a hand-applied thixotropic mortar, a material for horizontal surfaces, machine spraying, microconcrete, or an entire multi-layer restoration system is appropriate.
BETOSAN Technical Support for Selecting a Remediation System
At BETOSAN, we have been manufacturing construction chemicals since 1992. Our product line includes materials for reinforced concrete restoration, rebar protection, surface reprofiling and finishing, waterproofing, industrial flooring, grouting, and structural reinforcement.
When selecting a restoration system, we do not evaluate only the material’s strength class. We also take into account the orientation of the surface, the thickness of the repair, whether the application is manual or mechanical, mechanical stress, the required curing speed, exposure to water, frost, salt, or chemicals, and the need for subsequent surface protection. Therefore, a specific solution is always based on the current technical data sheet, the actual condition of the structure, and the conditions at the construction site. For more complex repairs, we recommend consulting with our technicians regarding material selection to ensure that the individual layers form a functional and mutually compatible restoration system.
Summary: How to Choose the Right Restoration Mortar
When selecting a repair mortar for concrete, it is not enough to simply decide whether it should be thixotropic, fine-grained, or quick-setting. Each of these terms describes a different property of the material. The correct procedure is: determine the purpose and scope of the repair, take into account whether the surface is horizontal, vertical, or on a ceiling, measure the required layer thickness, determine the application method, assess the structural function and class according to ČSN EN 1504-3, evaluate water, frost, chlorides, chemical exposure, and mechanical loads; determine the required repair speed; and also propose substrate preparation and subsequent protective layers.
The highest strength or the fastest setting time does not automatically mean the best solution. The appropriate repair mortar is the one that matches the original concrete, the specific defect, the application method, and the structure’s environment.
Do you need to choose the right repair mortar for concrete?
Are you planning to repair a concrete or reinforced concrete structure and aren’t sure about the appropriate mortar, layer thickness, or composition of the repair system? Contact BETOSAN technical support. We’ll help you choose the right material solution based on the type of structure, the scope of the repair, the application method, and the environment to which the repaired structure will be exposed.
FAQ – Frequently Asked Questions About Choosing Restoration Mortar
What type of restoration mortar is suitable for a vertical wall?
Thixotropic, or non-sagging, restoration mortar is generally used on vertical surfaces. The specific product is then selected based on the thickness of the repair, the required performance class, the mechanical load, and the structure’s environment.
What kind of mortar is used to repair a suspended ceiling?
For suspended ceilings, a non-sagging, thixotropic mortar is required that maintains the specified thickness after application. For larger projects, a material suitable for wet or dry spraying may be appropriate.
What is the difference between repair mortar and fine-textured skim coat?
Repair or reshaping mortar fills in missing concrete and restores the structure’s shape. A fine-grained trowel is used primarily to fill pores, smooth out minor irregularities, and finish the surface with a thin layer.
What does “thixotropic mortar” mean?
Thixotropic mortar has a non-sagging consistency. It is particularly suitable for vertical surfaces, suspended ceilings, and sloped structures, where a more fluid material would run off.
Is R4-grade mortar always better than R3?
No. Class R4 has stricter requirements for certain parameters, but it may not be the most suitable choice for every structure. The deciding factors include the purpose of the repair, the condition and properties of the original concrete, the orientation of the surface, the thickness, and the environment.
How thick a layer of restoration mortar can be applied at one time?
It depends on the specific product and its grain size. The minimum and maximum thickness of a single layer is always specified in the technical data sheet. Some mortars are available in different grain sizes for thin, medium, and coarser repairs.
When should you use quick-setting mortar?
Fast-setting mortar is suitable for situations where it is necessary to minimize downtime or quickly proceed with subsequent work. Its use requires good organization, as it has a significantly shorter working time.
Is an adhesive bridge necessary?
It depends on the chosen restoration system, the characteristics of the substrate, and the specific product. Some systems require or recommend an adhesive bridge, while others involve direct application to a properly prepared and moistened substrate.
What kind of mortar should be used for exposed rebar?
Simply selecting the right mortar is not enough. It is necessary to assess the condition of the reinforcement, remove corrosion products, address any need for reinforcement, and apply the prescribed anticorrosion protection or a system with corrosion inhibitors.
Can repair mortar be applied to damp concrete?
It depends on the specific material. For many types of cement-based restoration mortars, the substrate is moistened before application, but a continuous film of water must not remain on it. The exact condition of the substrate is always specified in the technical data sheet.
Technical and Official Sources Used
- ČAS Agency: ČSN EN 1504-3 – Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures – Part 3: Repairs with and without a structural function. https://csnonline.agentura-cas.cz/Detailnormy.aspx?k=76285
- BETOSAN: MONOCRETE PPE Technical Data Sheet. https://betosan.cz/wp-content/uploads/monocrete_ppe_TL.pdf
- BETOSAN: MONOCRETE PPE TH Technical Data Sheet. https://betosan.cz/wp-content/uploads/monocrete_ppe_th_TL.pdf
- BETOSAN: MONOCRETE ARG and the MONOCRETE ARG TH Technical Data Sheet. https://betosan.cz/sanace-zelezobetonu/monocrete-arg/
- BETOSAN: UNISAN TH CRETE Technical Data Sheet. https://www.betosan.cz/wp-content/uploads/unisan_th_crete_TL.pdf
- BETOSAN: UNISAN M CRETE. https://betosan.cz/sanace-zelezobetonu/unisan-m-crete/
- BETOSAN: UNISAN S CRETE Technical Data Sheet. https://www.betosan.cz/wp-content/uploads/unisan_s_crete_TL.pdf
- BETOSAN: MONOMIX SCC Technical Data Sheet. https://betosan.cz/wp-content/uploads/monomix_scc_TL.pdf
- BETOSAN: MONOMIX WSC TH. https://betosan.cz/prisady-do-betonu/monomix-wsc-th/
- BETOSAN: DENSOFIX Technical Data Sheet. https://www.betosan.cz/wp-content/uploads/densofix_TL.pdf
- BETOSAN: MONOCRETE rapid Technical Data Sheet. https://betosan.cz/wp-content/uploads/monocrete_rapid_TL.pdf
- BETOSAN: DENSOCRETE 111 Technical Data Sheet. https://www.betosan.cz/wp-content/uploads/densocrete_111_TL.pdf
- BETOSAN: UNISAN ADH 2K Technical Data Sheet. https://www.betosan.cz/wp-content/uploads/unisan_adh_2k_TL.pdf
- BETOSAN: Reinforced Concrete Repair – Product Overview. https://betosan.cz/produkty/sanace-zelezobetonu/